Discussion board post Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Discussion board post - Assignment Example Response 2 The topic sentence, â€Å"People get married for reasons other than love† does not support the thesis statement, â€Å"To make a marriage work, a couple must build trust, communication, and understanding.† This is because the thesis statement seeks to address the components of a good marriage while the topic sentence seemingly defines the purposes and the factors that lead to a marriage. Response 3 The topic sentence, â€Å"Many customers use PayPal for online purchases† does not support the thesis statement, â€Å"Internet sales are capturing a larger market share relative to in-store sales.† This is because the thesis statement seeks to compare the magnitude of internet sales with that of in-store sales while the topic sentence clearly define the modes of payments used by most online customers. PART 2 Paragraph 1 Recent research has given us much deeper—and more surprising—insights into the father’s role in childrearing. M y family is typical of the east side in that we never had much money. Their tongues became black and hung out of their mouths. The back-to-basics movement got a lot of press, fueled as it was by fears of growing illiteracy and cultural demise. Paragraph 3 Recent research has given us much deeper—and more surprising—insights into the father’s role in childrearing. It shows that in almost all of their interactions with children, fathers do things a little differently from mothers. What fathers do—their special parenting style—is not only highly complementary to what mothers do but is by all indications important in its own right. [The passage continues by showing the special ways that fathers contribute to childrearing.] Response 1 The third paragraph makes most sense to me because it has a good structure and sentence flow that conveniently explains the unique research findings, which discuss the father’s role in childrearing. It shows how fat hers contribute to childrearing and equally compares their role with that of mothers. However, the first paragraph makes no sense at all because it is hard to understand, has no flow, and the sentences do not correlate with the father’s role in childrearing. Response 2 1) Much of the violence we see in the world today may be caused by the emphasis on violence in the media. (2) More often than not, the front page of the local newspaper contains stories involving violence. (3) In fact, one recent issue of my local newspaper contained several references to violent acts. (4) There is also violence in public school systems. (5) Television reporters frequently hasten to crime and accident scenes and film every grim, violent detail. (6) The other day, there was a drive-by shooting downtown. (7) If the media were a little more careful about the ways in which they glamorize violence, there might be less violence in the world today and children would be less influenced by it. There is no unity in the above paragraph because no explanation follows the fourth sentence and indeed the fifth sentence does not refer to the fourth sentence thus isolating the fourth sentence from the entire paragraph. Response 3 1) A fairy tale is a serious story with a human hero and a happy ending. (2) The hero in a fairy tale is different from the hero in a tragedy in that his progression is from bad to good fortune,

Music in Education Essay Example for Free

Music in Education Essay Music can affect the body in many health-promoting ways, which is the basis for a growing field known as music therapy. However, you can use music in your daily life and achieve many stress relief benefits on your own. One of the great benefits of music as a stress reliever is that it can be used while you conduct your regular activities so that it really doesn’t take time away from your busy schedule. Music provides a wonderful backdrop for your life so that you can find increased enjoyment from what you’re doing and also reduce stress from your day. Music still tells a story, we know just have many genres to satisfy the cultural and social tastes of our modern society. Hip Hop is a genre of music that has significantly grown the last couple of decades. Its increased popularity has brought it to the forefront of globalization. Technological advances have made it easy for Hip Hop to spread out globally. This occurrence of globalization is a key example that as our cultural borders are broken down by technology, our own cultural and social practices become fluid. Although there are many positive and negative comments about the globalization of Hip Hop, it is a reflection of the growing phenomenon occurring all over the world. Hip hop originated in the South Bronx of New York City in the 1970s. The term rap is often used synonymously with hip hop, but hip hop can also be described as an entire subculture (â€Å"Hip Hop†, 2004). The term Hip Hop is said to have come from a joke between Keith Cowboy, rapper with Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five, and their friends (â€Å"Hip Hop†, 2004). Although Hip Hop was created on American soil, its influences are global. It can be said that Hip Hop might be a result of ethnic globalization. Hip Hop has roots in African, Caribbean, and Latino culture (â€Å"Hip Hop Globalization and Youth Culture†, 2005). Spoken word, which is still popular today is also an influence in Hip Hop music and culture. Spoken word is a style of poetry spoken in a rhythmic fashion. Hip Hop ranges from rap music, to B-boy dance. It was a platform to empower ethnic youth without violence. Hip Hop in the beginning was essentially still an underground subculture. It was popular with many ethnic communities but it was not popular in the mainstream music industry. This all changed with the band Blondie and their song â€Å"Rapture†. â€Å"Rapture† is one of the first rap songs to reach the top of the charts in mainstream pop music. Although Blondie is a punk/rock band, they were the proper catalyst to give Hip Hop the mainstream attention it deserved. Hip Hop has changed since its birth in the 1970s. Hip Hop is now apart of the mainstream music scene. It is not uncommon to see artist from different genres collaborating with Hip Hop artists. It is also not uncommon to see Hip Hop music and culture in movies, television shows, and commercials. In the past you would only see people from ethnic communities wearing Hip Hop clothing, now all races including Asian, Caucasian, etc have accepted the Hip Hop style. The subject matter has also changed. In the past Hip Hop lyrics focused on political and societal frustrations, now Hip Hop lyrics steer more toward provocative content. Hip Hop subject matter consists mostly of the aspirations of wealth, sex, drug use, and criminal activity. During the beginning years the age of the Hip Hop listener was wide spread. It ranged from teens to even adults in their 50s. Although Hip Hop still has an adult audience, it is now more geared toward younger audiences. Younger listeners are more likely to purchase Hip Hop music and paraphernalia, than the older audience. Music has always been a great healer. In the Bible, we learn about how David played the harp to help ease his severe depression of King Saul. Music is a significant mood-changer and reliever of stress, working on many levels at once. Many experts suggest that it is the rhythm of the music or the beat that has the calming effect on us although we may not be very conscious about it. They point out that when we were a baby in our mothers womb, we probably were influenced by the heartbeat of our mother. We respond to the soothing music at later stages in life, perhaps associating it with the safe, relaxing, protective environment provided by our mother. They say that math is the universal language, and while that may be true, music has traits to it that even the casual listener should but may not always recognize as universal, literally and figuratively. Moreover, music is beneficial to the musicians and the listeners health and well-being. Music is everywhere, and it can be made and enjoyed by anyone, any animal, and any living thing, in its own way. The universe itself has a sense of rhythm, melody and music. Everyday speech has a lilt that can be called some kind of music. In nature, without the white noise of civilization in the background, the sounds of the trees, the water, and the air can all be called music. And animals, birds in particular, have their own sense of melody in the sounds that they make and use to communicate with each other. Music comes in so many various forms that it reflects, in a way, the diversity of the languages spoken and written on the planet. Whether it be classical music, pop, gospel music, country music or whatever pleases the ear, there will always be a kind of music for everyone, and it can come in any language. They say that learning and listening to music makes one smarter. As studies show, music makes the musician use his mind in a way that develops and maintains good mental health. Music is an art and a science; anyone who learns any bit of musical theory will know that music has a particular structure, while still allowing for creative freedom. Reading music and playing an instrument causes the musician to use both sides of his brain at once – the mathematical side, and the artistic side. Learning to understand a staff of music and the symbols written on it is akin to learning a scientific or mathematical formula. Applying the formula to the instrument at hand takes plenty of practise to do well, but once it is learned, it does not easily fade away. Developing and maintaining musicality, on the other hand, is partly talent and partly practise, much like other art forms like drawing, dancing and singing. Music is a great well for emotions. The same art form that puts babies to sleep can release anger and sadness, encourage joy, and sooth stress. To the Romantics, music was the purest of art forms because it connects directly with emotions (The New Penguin Book of Romantic Poetry, 47), during a time period that produced composers that are still well known today. David wrote many psalms while he watched sheep. And even though he was not always a favourite of King Saul, David’s playing would comfort the king (1 Samuel 16). Music brings people together. It is understood that before modern technology, live music was a natural form of entertainment, and people were considered accomplished when they learned to play instruments. Music can create a good atmosphere and encourage a good mood that relaxes people whether they are actively listening to it or not. That is part of the reason why it is ideal for parties, weddings, funerals, and other such gatherings. Music is universal. It is calming, gentling, entertaining, inspiring and healthy. It helps maintain good mental health and a balanced emotional state. It is a gift from God that anyone can learn, appreciate and enjoy. Hip Hop proves to be the voice of the people that may not be able to speak for themselves in conventional ways. Globalization has allowed many people who would not have the means to speak up, to be able to take center stage. Many believe that globalization will be the end of individuality and creativity.

The Character of the Green Knight in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight Es

The Character of the Green Knight in Sir Gawain and the Green Knight In the most general sense, the Green Knight is an anomaly to the story of " Sir Gawain and the Green Knight," the only supernatural element in what is otherwise a very believable and wholly real rendering of a specific length of time. Gawain is momentarily tricked into believing†¹or, rather, hoping†¹that the garter is magical in nature, but both his fear and the Green Knight dispel him of that heathen notion. Thus on the one hand the poet warns us of the danger of accepting the supernatural qua supernatural, while on the other he demands that we understand the Green Knight to be an expression of the "power of Morgan le Fay," who is "well taught in magic arts." The effect of this then is to thrust the Green Knight into an even greater shroud of mystery than normal for Arthurian tales, which usually feature a whole cast of impossible characters. From this isolated line of thought, it would seem as if the Green Knight ought to be held only to his own, strange, separate rules. Since he is the sole f...

The Anglo-saxon Literature Essay -- essays research papers

In the Anglo-Saxon literature, the scop has a privilege of retaining history, culture and social values of that society. In many cases the scop exercises the power to create stories which reflect the values of that society. The Rood in the  ¡Ã‚ °The Dream of the Rood ¡Ã‚ ± also tells a story of which affects its society and people. The existence of this witness that reports the suffering and the glorification of Christ proves necessary for the people to believe. The Rood becomes a hero that preserves an event that proves crucial to the society. As the Rood observes the suffering of Christ, it also shares with him the pains of crucifixion. In other words, the Rood takes part in Christ ¡Ã‚ ¯s crucifixion which pertains to the salvation of the souls. Although the Rood declares its god-like qualities along with Christ, there ¡Ã‚ ¯s a distinction between Christ and the Rood. Therefore, the Rood appears as a metonymic figure which represents the Christ ¡Ã‚ ¯s suffering but it doe s not represent Christ. In fact, the Rood assumes the role of Christ as it demands people to worship it. In this poem, the Rood appears as an Anglo-Saxon hero. However, the Rood fails to share the Christian beliefs when it declares the entity of God along with Christ. Although Christ and the Rood shared the  ¡Ã‚ °innocent ¡Ã‚ ±Ã‚ ¡Ã‚ ¯ suffering together, this does not provide an adequate explanation for the Rood to become a replacement of Christ. Indeed, the Rood appears as a hero in the Anglo-Saxon society for it reflects the values of many figures that suffer with their Lord. The Rood shares the suffering endured by Christ. It does not regret its pains but sympathizes with Christ as it brings unto itself the hostilities directed at Christ. Thus, it states,  ¡Ã‚ °[how] they mocked at us both ¡Ã‚ ±( ¡Ã‚ °The Rood ¡Ã‚ ±, 51). Suffering with the members of the community proves important to a hero in the Anglo-Saxon literature. In  ¡Ã‚ °The Battle of Maldon, ¡Ã‚ ± a band of warriors fight to save their community, more specifically, fight to  ¡Ã‚ °serve the Earl ¡Ã‚ ±(The Battle of Maldon, 11). Bryhtnoth is the Earl of these brave warriors who fight unto death in order to carry out their duty. This duty indicates that one does not desert a battleground and retreat in order to save one ¡Ã‚ ¯s life. Therefore, the heroes share the battlefield alongside their lord and fight until they win or die. Like these heroes of the Maldon, the Rood remains steadfast in sh... ...st did not have in mind for the people to worship a tree.  ¡Ã‚ °The Rood ¡Ã‚ ± states its separate entity from Christ.  ¡Ã‚ °The Tree of Victory ¡Ã‚ ± becomes itself a figure that must be worshipped by its people. In fact, the Anglo-Saxon society views its heroes as gods through the scops of the society. In Anglo-Saxon literature, scops acquire the power to influence and preserve their tradition, history and culture. The scops glorify the heroes of their times according to their deeds which uphold the values of that society. In addition, the scops give the heroes of their society power to be immortal. They honor their heroes as gods and inevitably honor the values that these heroes uphold. The Rood is one of the Anglo-Saxon heroes that represents the importance of sacrifice of enduring crucial suffering in order to benefit its society. Regardless of its former status, the Rood ¡Ã‚ ¯s deeds reinforce the values of the Anglo-Saxon sense of loyalty that makes them fearless in the face of wierd. In the face of the approaching death, these heroes are portrayed as honoring their community more than their lives. Thus, by remembering and worshipping these heroes, the Anglo-Saxons tend to honor their society.

Health Care Innovation

Health Care Innovation Your name HCA/210 June 10, 2012 Theresa Brock Health Care Innovation We live in a world where everything is changing and improving rapidly. Health care is one thing that has changed for the better. New improvements to health care are being made every day among technology, medicine, and even health insurance. The average life expectancy has increased significantly over the last 100 years. One hundred years ago the overall average life expectancy in the United States was approximately 50 years old (Wikipedia, n. . ). Now, the overall average life expectancy is approximately 78 years old. One of the biggest reasons for this is health care innovation. Not only has the progress of technology and medicine raised this number, but insurance has a lot to do with this also. With the many different types of insurances that are offered today, people can get the care that they need. Years ago there was no health insurance. People would visit a doctor and pay just a couple o f dollars, or pay with food.Many people would not even go see a doctor simply because they could not afford to pay. Now, healthcare is one of our biggest debates. Essentially there are two types of healthcare insurance, Fee-for-Service and Managed Care. Both cover medical, surgical, and hospital expenses. Most cover prescription drugs and some offer dental coverage. With today's economy, many American's depend on Medicaid or Medicare for their healthcare needs (Progress in Insurance, n. d. ). The Obama Administration has set up healthcare exchanges under a new 2010 law.State-run exchanges will be launched in 2014, which opens a marketplace for private insurers to compete to offer health plans to the uninsured and to small businesses. If a state has not established a framework for the exchanges by 2013, the federal government will step in and run it (The Wall Street Journal, 11-29-11). This has become one of the biggest debates, other than the unemployment rate, during this election year with the presidential campaigns. Medicine has grown tremendously.In the old days, people would always receive an antibiotic shot with the same needle. People used home remedies such as: turpentine and sugar (now it is said that turpentine will kill you), sweet oil in ears for infection, milk weed for warts, lye soap for lice, and for a fever you were rubbed down in rubbing alcohol. There were no tetanus shots. Most people just soaked an infected area in epsom salt. Now, doctors usually only give antibiotics when absolutely necessary, there is laser treatment for warts, lice shampoo, and we now have tetanus shots.The medical device industry has brought us tremendous advances to the practice of medicine in recent decades, ranging from CT and Magnetic Resonance Imagining (MRI) machines, to laboratory diagnostic instruments and pacemakers. Much of our modern medicine relies on 3D imaging, which is fairly new (Progress in Medicine Staff, 6-6-12). Many years ago, ultrasounds, CT scan s, and radioactive/nuclear medicine for PET scans did not exist. They did have X-rays, but very poor images. Now, there are CT scans, PET scans, MRI machines, and X-rays are much more enhanced and show radiologists a great deal of information.Technology in health care has come a very long way, and continues to excel. The only negative impact that health care innovation can have on patients is costs. This could include doctor’s fees for treatment, or even copays and medicine. With the new technology, this makes health care spending go up. Therefore, this makes the costs of care that patient’s need go up. There are still people who cannot get insurance for different reasons. Some people may make just a little too much money to receive an insurance offered by the government, and others may just simply not be offered insurance by their employer.Overall, health care innovation has had a positive impact on patients. It is a natural part of life to grow. Things are always goi ng to get bigger and better, they always have. There will always be a new, better way to do things. Insurance, technology, and medicine will continue to grow, and the improvements will benefit the patients. References www. wikipedia. com. www. yahoo/progressinmedicinestaff. com. The Wall Street Journal, June 6, 2012. www. yahoo/progressininsuranse. com.

Association of Human papillomavirus and Breast Tumours The WritePass Journal

Association of Human papillomavirus and Breast Tumours Abstract: Association of Human papillomavirus and Breast Tumours Abstract:1.  Introduction:1.1.   Breast cancer:1.2.  Epidemiology:1.3 . Breast cancer Pathophysiology: 1.3.1  Ã‚  Aetiology:1.4.  Ã‚  Human papillomavirus and Cancer:1.4.1.   High risk and low risk HPV types:1.5.   Signs and Symptoms:1.4.   Different types of Breast cancers:1.4.   Diagnostic tests:1.5.   Aims and Objectives:2.  Methodology:2.1. Method and Materials:2.2. DNA purification method from tissue:3.  Ã‚  Result:3.1. DNA Extraction:3.2. PCR:4.  Health and Safety:5.   Ã‚  Ethical Issues:6.  Ã‚  Literature search:7.  Ã‚  Statistical analysis:8.  Ã‚  Treatment:8.1. Drugs:8.2. Trastuzumab: 9.  Cancer prevention:9.1. HPV Vaccines and Cervical Cancer:9.2. Breast Cancer Vaccine:10.  Discussion:References:Related Abstract: Cancer arises due to abnormal changes or mutations, in the genes responsible for regulating the growth of cells. Human papillomavirus (HPV) is considered the aetiological agent for many cancers including cervical cancer. HPV causes disruption and loss of some of the viral genes such as L1 and L2 genes and also increases the expression of the early genes. Several studies have addressed a relationship with HPV and breast cancer, as different HPVs have been identified. Most of the studies were successful in finding evidence in correlation of HPV 6, 11, 16 and 18 in invasive ductal breast carcinoma by using different techniques including DNA extraction and PCR, however other studies achieved low positivity or negative result. The aim of this study was to find out the association of HPV and Breast cancer. DNA was successfully extracted from archived breast tissue samples using DNA extraction method. This DNA sample could be amplified by using PCR to find HPV genome specifically targeting E1 gene. This is an ongoing work by the supervisors of the project to try and detect HPV genome in breast cancer, if successful a vaccine could be developed against various strains of HPVs worldwide and it could save many lives. Keywords:     Human papillomavirus, DNA Extraction, Breast cancer, Vaccine, PCR, 1.  Introduction: 1.1.   Breast cancer: Breast cancer is a malignant tumour that originates in the breast tissue, mainly from the inner lining of milk ducts or the lobules that supply milk to the ducts, cancers that initiates from ducts are called ductal carcinomas and those originating from lobules are called as lobular carcinomas. Cancer occurs due to abnormal changes or mutations, in the genes responsible for regulating the growth of cells (Sariego, 2010). The change in the genetic information causes a cell to no longer carry out its function properly (Almeida Barry, 2010). The following figures show the two types of cancers Benign and Malignant. (Almeida; Shela, 2010)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Figure: 2 malignant tumours Figure 1 and 2: above shows benign vs. malignant cancers. (a) A benign tumour is a mass of cells that remains within the tissue in which it originally developed. (b) The invasion of cancer cells into surrounding tissues is the hallmark of a malignant tumour. Malignant cells may break free from the tumour and travel to other locations in the body through the process of metastasis (Almeida Barry, 2010). 1.2.  Epidemiology: Breast cancer is one of the main health problems worldwide (Bao, 2011) and which resulted http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breast_cancer cite_note-WHO_WCR-2 458,503 deaths in 2008 worldwide out of which 13.7%   are of cancer deaths in women and it is about 100 times more common in women than in men (Veto, et al., 2009). The table below shows how females are susceptible to breast cancer at different ages for example there is 1 in 8 risk of developing breast cancer in females in the U.K in lifetime. Table 1: Shows estimated risk of developing breast cancer by age, females, UK, 2008 UK, 2008    Adopted from: www.cancerresearch.uk http://info.cancerresearchuk.org/cancerstats/types/breast/riskfactors/ Date accessed: 20/01/11 The table 2 below shows that more deaths happens in females due to breast cancer than males as it can be seen from the table only 69 males died in 2008 in compare to 12,047 females. Table 2: Shows the number of deaths and mortality rates in the UK in 2008. Adopted from: www.cancerresearch.uk http://info.cancerresearchuk.org/cancerstats/types/breast/mortality/#age Date accessed: 20/01/11 The figure below shows the incidence and mortality rates from female breast cancer in EU countries. As it can be seen from the table Belgium has the highest rates of incidence in female breast cancer. Figure 1 above is a graph of incidence and mortality rates in EU. Adopted from: www.cancerresearch.uk http://info.cancerresearchuk.org/cancerstats/types/breast/incidence/ Date accessed: 20/01/11 1.3 . Breast cancer Pathophysiology: 1.3.1  Ã‚  Aetiology: Some of the suspected aetiological factors which influence the cases of breast cancer are family history, obesity, age, oral contraceptives and alcohol. Family history: A woman who has a family member with breast cancer increases double the risk of getting breast cancer in compare to a woman with no family history (Lancet, 2001). Obesity: obesity increases the risk of postmenopausal breast cancer by up to 30%, since levels of hormones rises with excess body fat such as oestrogen and insulin these are the common features of cancers. Age: older women are at higher risk.   Particularly women aged 50-69 are most at risk, predominantly those with a late menopause. Oral contraceptives: increases the risk by approximately a quarter but since people who uses are commonly younger women, therefore the risk is fairly low. Alcohol: drinking alcohol as less as one alcoholic drink each day increases the risk of breast cancer by around 12%. (Cancer Research U.K, 2008) Some other factors include: Lesions to  DNA  such as genetic mutations. There is link between mutations that can lead to  breast cancer and  oestrogen  exposure, found out by carrying out experiments. Another factor is when a body fails to carry out immune surveillance; it is a theory in which the immune system gets rid of malignant cells throughout ones life. Other factor is inherited defects in  DNA  repair  genes, such as BRCA1, BRCA2 and TP53 (Adams, et al., 2011). Figure 2 above shows the percentage of different genes with associated risk. Figure adopted from: Wooster and Webber, (2003) Date accessed: 12/04/11 Moreover according to many authors there is a potential link between the HPV and breast cancer. 1.4.  Ã‚  Human papillomavirus and Cancer: HPV genome is normally found in the cytoplasm of infected tissues however, the DNA of HPV types that cause cancer are integrated into the host genome. HPV causes disruption and loss of some of the viral genes for example (L1 and L2 genes) and also increases the expression of the early genes (Wang, 2007; Mera, 1997). Oncoproteins E5 interacts with MHC I and prevents its transport to the cell surface   therefore infected cells escapes the immune system consequently allowing the virus to establish persistent infections and thus progressing to cancer. E6 targets p53 for degradation and therefore prevents apoptosis of abnormal cells, whereas E7 inactivates Rb (retinoblastoma) function, which results in abnormal cell proliferation and disturbs the normal cell cycle regulation (Wang, 2007; WHO, 2006; Mera, 1997). P53 and Rb are tumour suppressor genes which stop tumours from developing (Mera, 1997). Incorporation of virus into host cell increases and sustains the growth of both virus and the host cell, thus resulting in the alteration of infected host cells into malignant cells (Mera, 1997; Wang, 2007) and ultimately invasive cancer. Figure 3 above shows different genes in HPV. Adopted from: Symptoms of HPV 2010 symptomsofhpv.net/113/hpv-16/ Date accessed: 07/04/11 Table 9 below shows the function of different genes within the HPV virus: Gene/Region Function E1/E2 Code for proteins which control the function of E6 and E7 genes. E4 Function largely unknown but may control virus release from cell. E5 Codes for a hydrophobic protein which enhances immortalisation of the cell. E6 Codes for proteins which inhibit negative regulators of the cell cycle .E6 products inhibit p53 which is a transcription factor for apoptosis (programmed cell death). E7 Codes for products which  Ã‚   bind to the retinoblastoma tumour suppressor  Ã‚   proteins thereby permitting the cell to progress through the cell cycle in the absence  Ã‚  Ã‚   of normal mitogenic signals. L1/L2 Code for  structural proteins  and formation of complete virus particles. LCR Necessary for normal virus replication and control of gene expression. Adopted from: Eurocytology eurocytology.eu/static/eurocytology/eng/cervical/LP1ContentMcontA1.html Date accessed: 19/03/11 The HPV (human papillomavirus) is a member of the papillomaviridae family and has a double stranded circular DNA genome (Wang, 2007). These viruses are small in size with 8kbp-long DNA genome and have no envelope (WHO, 2006). HPV genome contains early (E) and the late genes (L) which codes for early proteins (E1-E7), late proteins (L1 and L2) and a non coding long control region (LCR) (WHO, 2006; Mera, 1997; Govan, 2008). 1.4.1.   High risk and low risk HPV types: There are more than one hundred different HPV types that have been discovered (WHO, 2006) and these are divided into high risk and low risk types. HPV 16, 18, 31 and 45 are some high risk HPV types associated with most of the cancer, while HPV 6 and 11 are low risk non-oncogenic HPV types (Brown, et al., 2005; Govan, 2008). Table3: the following table shows some high risk, low risk and potentially risk HPVs. Classification HPV types High-risk 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59 Low-risk 82, 6, 11, 40, 42, 43, 44, 54, 61, 70 Potentially high –risk 26, 53 Source: Govan (2008) HPV 6 and 11 are linked with up to 90% genital warts (Von Krogh, 2011), nevertheless after the examination of 55 genital wart samples from Slovenia, using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), the authors concluded that HPV 6 and 11 genotypes were detected in 96.4% of genital warts patients (Potocnik, et al., 2007). 1.5.   Signs and Symptoms: Changes that could arise due to a breast cancer are: A change in the size or shape of a breast A lump or thickening in an area of the breast Dimpling of the skin A change in the shape of the nipple, particularly if it turns in, sinks into the breast or becomes irregular in shape A blood stained discharge from the nipple (Dixon, 2005; Breast cancer, 2008). Figure 3a: above shows the symptoms of breast cancer Source: Healthbase (2008) http://blog.healthbase.com/2008_09_01_archive.html Accessed date: 11/04/2011 Normal anatomy of the breast: Female breast anatomy The structure of female breast is mainly made up of fat and connective tissue, but also contains milk ducts, lymph nodes, blood vessels and structures known as lobes and lobules (Rosen, 2009). Figure 4 above shows normal anatomy of breast tissue. The above figure adopted from: Mayoclinic (2009) mayoclinic.com/health/breast-cancer-early-stage/BC00001 Date accessed: 8 April 2011. Lobules and ducts Every breast has 12 to 20 lobules that protrude from the nipple and holds small alveoli; the lobules are connected together by a network of thin ducts (Rosen, 2009). Figure 5 above shows different parts in the female breast The above figure adopted from: Mayoclinic (2009) mayoclinic.com/health/breast-cancer-early-stage/BC00001 Date accessed: 8 April 2011. Stromata Spaces around the lobules and ducts are filled with fatty tissue, ligaments and connective tissue (stromata). The size of the breast is determined by the amount of fat it contains, the breast tissue is also sensitive to cyclic changes in hormone levels (Rosen, 2009). Figure 6 above shows the position of stromata in female breast. The figure adopted from: Mayoclinic (2009). mayoclinic.com/health/breast-cancer-early-stage/BC00001 Date accessed: 8 April 2011. Muscles Breasts are muscle free tissues, muscles lie beneath the breasts separating them from the ribs (Rosen, 2009). The above figure adopted from: Mayoclinic (2009) mayoclinic.com/health/breast-cancer-early-stage/BC00001 Date accessed: 8 April 2011. Arteries and capillaries Blood supply all the essential nutrients and oxygen to the breast tissue through arteries, capillaries and small blood vessels (Rosen, 2009). Figure 8 above shows the position of capillaries and arteries in and around the breast. Figure adopted from: Mayoclinic, (2009) mayoclinic.com/health/breast-cancer-early-stage/BC00001 Date accessed: 8 April 2011. Lymph nodes and lymph ducts The lymphatic system contains blood vessels, lymph ducts and lymph nodes that helps fight infection, lymph nodes are present behind the breastbone, under the armpit and in other parts of the body engulfs harmful substances that are in the lymphatic system and safely get rid of them (Rosen, 2009; Mayoclinic, 2009). Figure 9 above shows the position of the lymph nodes and lymph ducts. The above figure adopted from: Mayoclinic, 2009 mayoclinic.com/health/breast-cancer-early-stage/BC00001 Date accessed: 8 April 2011. 1.4.   Different types of Breast cancers: There are different types of breast cancer for example ductal and lobular and it depends on the type of tissue that it is derived from. Table 3.1 below shows the list of different types of breast cancer: DCIS ductal carcinoma in situ LCIS lobular carcinoma in situ Invasive ductal breast cancer Invasive lobular breast cancer Inflammatory breast cancer Pagets disease Breast cancer in men The following figures show some of the main types of the cancer that begins in different areas of the breast for example the ducts, the lobules, or in some cases, the tissue in between. These figures also show the different types of breast cancer, including non-invasive, invasive, metastatic and recurrent breast cancers. a.   Ductal Carcinoma in situ (DCIS)   Range of Ductal Carcinoma in situ (DCIS) Figures: 10 and 11 above show normal breast with non–invasive ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) in an enlarged cross–section of the duct. Adopted from: Breast cancer (2008) breastcancer.org/symptoms/types/dcis/diagnosis.jsp Accessed date: 20/01/2011 Breast profile A B C D E F G Ducts Lobules Dilated section of duct to hold milk Nipple Fat Pectralis major muscle Chest wall/ rib cage Enlargement Ductal   cancer cells Normal lobular cells Basement membrane Lumen ( centre of duct) Table 4: shows the annotation of the above figures (Trentham-Dietz, et al., 2011) b.  Ã‚  Lobular Carcinoma in situ (LCIS Figure: 12 above shows normal breast with lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS) in an enlarged cross–section of the lobule. Adopted from: Breast cancer (2008) breastcancer.org/symptoms/types/ilc/tests/diagnosing.jsp Accessed date: 20/01/2011 Table 5 shows the annotation of the figure 12. Breast profile A B C D E F G Ducts Lobules Dilated section of duct to hold milk Nipple Fat Pectralis major muscle Chest wall/ rib cage Enlargement Normal Ductal cells Lobular cancer cells Basement membrane (Trentham-Dietz et al., 2011) a.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Invasive Ductal Carcinoma (IDC) Figure 13 above shows normal breast with invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) in an enlarged cross–section of the duct. Adopted from: Breast cancer (2008) breastcancer.org/symptoms/types/ilc/tests/diagnosing.jsp Accessed date: 20/01/2011 Breast profile A B C D E F G Ducts Lobules Dilated section of duct to hold milk Nipple Fat Pectralis major muscle Chest wall/ rib cage Enlargement Normal duct cells ductal cancer cells breaking through the basement membrane   Basement membrane Table 6 shows the annotation of the figure 13. (Trentham-Dietz, et al., 2011) c.  Invasive Lobular Carcinoma (ILC) The above figure 14 shows normal breast with invasive lobular carcinoma (ILC) in an enlarged cross–section of the lobule. Adopted from: Breast cancer (2008) breastcancer.org/symptoms/types/ilc/tests/diagnosing.jsp Accessed date: 20/01/2011 Table 7 shows the annotation of the figure 14. Breast profile A B C D E F G Ducts Lobules Dilated section of duct to hold milk Nipple Fat Pectralis major muscle Chest wall/ rib cage Enlargement Normal cells Lobular cancer cells breaking through   the basement membrane Basement membrane (Trentham-Dietz, et al., 2011) Following are some examples of non-invasive cell growths:       d.  Non-Invasive Cell Growth Subtypes Solid Figure: 15 shows A cancer cells B basement membrane Adopted from: Breast cancer (2008) Accessed date: 20/01/2011 e.   Ã‚  Non-Invasive Cell Growth Subtypes Cribriform Figure: 16 above shows (A) cancer cells (B) basement membrane (C) lumen (centre of duct) Adopted from: Breast cancer (2008) Accessed date: 20/01/2011      f.  Non-Invasive Cell Growth Subtypes Papillary Figure: 17 above shows (A) cancer cells (B) basement membrane (C) lumen (centre of duct) Adopted from: Breast cancer (2008) Accessed date: 20/01/2011 g.  Ã‚  Non-Invasive Cell Growth Subtypes Comedo Figure: 18 above shows (A) living cancer cells (B) dying cancer cells (C) cell debris (necrosis) Adopted from: Breast cancer (2008) Accessed date: 20/01/2011 h. Vascular and Lymphatic Invasion Figure: 20 above shows normal breast with cancer cells invading the lymph channels and blood vessels in the breast tissue Adopted from: Breast cancer (2008) Accessed date: 20/01/2011 Table 8 shows the annotation of the above figure Breast profile A B C D E F Blood vessels Lymphatic channels Enlargement Normal duct cells cancer cells Basement membrane Lymphatic channel Blood vessel Breast tissue    1.4.   Diagnostic tests: Diagnosis of the breast cancer incorporates x-rays and screening tests and following are some of the important diagnostic tests that can be carried out before and after symptoms of breast cancer. Tests: Mammogram: A mammogram is the main screening test for asymptomatic patients who are over the age of 40 as well as for symptomatic adult patients (Bao, 2011).This test has a high sensitivity and specificity (Banks, 2004). If a mammogram does not find out an abnormality in patients with a clinically detected breast mass, additional imaging ultrasound and/or MRI should be carried out for further evaluation (Bao, 2011). Outcome:  Ã‚   The results are indicative of malignancy include: an irregular speculated mass, clustered micro-calcifications, and linear branching calcifications (Banks, 2004; breast cancer, 2010). The above figure 21 shows how mammography is carried out. Figure 21 adopted from: Breast cancer (2010) breastcancer.org/symptoms/testing/types/mammograms/ Accessed date: 02/04/2011 Breast Ultrasound: Ultrasound sends high-frequency sound waves through the breast and changes them into images on a screen. The ultrasound technician places a sound-emitting probe on the breast to carry out the test and there is no radiation involved (Matsuzaki, et al., 2010). Outcome:   The results are indicative of malignancy include: a hypo echoic mass, an irregular mass with internal calcifications, and enlarged auxiliary lymph nodes (breast cancer 2010; Moss, 1999). The above figure 22 shows how ultrasound is carried out. adopted from: Breast cancer (2010) breastcancer.org/symptoms/testing/types/ultrasound.jsp Accessed date: 02/04/2011 Breast MRI: MRI uses magnets and radio to produce detailed cross sectional images of the inside of the body. MRI screens high-risk women (breast cancer, 2010). The Sensitivity is 88% to 91%. Specificity is about 67% (Bluemke, 2004). Outcome: The results are indicative of malignancy include: a heterogeneously enhancing area and significant architectural distortion (Bluemke, 2004). The above figure 23 shows how MRI is carried out. adopted from: Breast cancer (2010) breastcancer.org/symptoms/testing/types/mri/ Accessed date: 02/04/2011 Biopsy: There are different types of biopsy techniques and among these techniques Fine needle aspiration (FNA) is the least invasive procedure and has high sensitivity and specificity  (Dayal, et al., 2011).   FNA is good for quick diagnosis of malignancy. Nonetheless, core biopsy is generally favoured, as it effectively differentiates between pre-invasive and invasive disease and is less chance getting inadequate sampling (Dayal, et al., 2011).   Outcome: Invasive ductal carcinoma is responsible for almost 80% of all breast cancers, cords of tumour cells among associated glandular formation, which make varying degrees of fibrotic response. Whereas invasive lobular carcinoma, small tumour cells that invade past the basement membrane of the lobules and form an Indian file between collagen bundles, usually appears as well-differentiated tumour cells that display tubule formation (Dayal, et al., 2011). 1.5.   Aims and Objectives: The aim of this project was to evaluate the association of Human papillomavirus (HPV) and breast cancer, additionally to collect the studies that support the presence of HPV DNA in patients with breast lesions worldwide. The archived samples diagnosed with breast carcinoma, will be used to extract the DNA by DNA Extraction method which could be further used for amplifying this DNA using PCR to detect HPV genome. This will ascertain the role of this virus in the pathogenesis of breast cancer and will also help the scientist for further investigation of this virus on biology of cancer. The following is the methodology of my project as how I carried out the experiment and extracted the DNA. 2.  Methodology: The methodology incorporates materials and method, health and safety, ethical issues and statistical analysis. 2.1. Method and Materials: The following table 9 shows the materials that have been used to extract the DNA. Materials Measurements Universal tubes 20 ml, 5ml Epindorf tube 1.5 ml, 500ul Gilson pipetts 2x 5- 50ul, 2x 0.1 – 2.5 ul,2x 100 – 1000ul, 1x 20 – 200ul Dry heat block ( incubator) Vortex Waterbath ( 37c) Centrifuge and microfuge 70% of alcohol to avoid contamination and spray bottle Ice box 10. Thermometer( to measure the temperature) 11. Spectrophotometer( OD reader) 12. Pipett   tips 13. Tissue and Cell LysisSolution  Ã‚  Ã‚   600ul (60ml) 14. Proteinase K 4ul ( 200ul) 15. RNase A 2ul (400ul) 16. Protein Precipitation Reagent 300ul (60ml) 17. Isopropanol 1ml (2ml) 18. Ethanol 70% 19. TE Buffer 35ul (8ml) 2.2. DNA purification method from tissue: The following is the method used to extract the DNA from the archived sample of breast tissue. Lysis of Formalin-Fixed, Paraffin-Embedded (FFPE) Tissue   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   i.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Placed 10-50 mg of 10- to 35- µm thick paraffin sections into an appropriate tube. If using a larger amount of tissue, adjust the reagent volumes accordingly.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   ii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Diluted 4  µl of â€Å"Proteinase K† into 600  µl of â€Å"Tissue and Cell Lysis Solution† for each sample, and mixed.   Ã‚  Ã‚   iii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Added 600  µl of â€Å"Tissue and Cell Lysis Solution† containing the â€Å"Proteinase K† to the sample and mixed.   Ã‚  Ã‚   iv.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Incubated at 65 °C for 30 minutes; followed by a brief (10 seconds) vortex mix.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   v.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Cooled the samples to 37 °C and added 2  µl of â€Å"RNase A† to the sample; mixed thoroughly.   Ã‚  Ã‚   vi.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Incubated at 37 °C for 30 minutes.    vii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Placed the samples on ice for 3-5 minutes and then preceded with total DNA precipitation (below). Precipitation of Total DNA Added 300  µl of â€Å"MPC Protein Precipitation Reagent† to 600  µl of lysed sample and vortex vigorously for 10 seconds.   Ã‚  Ã‚   ix.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pellet the debris by centrifugation at 4 °C for 10 minutes at ≠¥10,000 x g in a microcentrifuge. If the resultant pellet was clear, small, of loose, added an additional 25  µl of â€Å"MPC Protein Precipitation Reagent†, mixed, and pellet the debris again.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   x.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Transferred the supernatant to a clean microcentrifuge tube and discarded the pellet.   Ã‚  Ã‚   xi.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Added 500  µl of â€Å"isopropanol† to the recovered supernatant. Inverted the tube 30-40 times.    xii.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Pellet the DNA by centrifugation at 4 °C for 10 minutes in a microcentrifuge. Carefully poured off the â€Å"isopropanol† without dislodging the DNA pellet. Rinsed twice with 70% â€Å"ethanol†, being careful to not dislodge the pellet. Centrifuged briefly if the pellet was dislodged. Removed all of the residual ethanol with a pipet.    xv.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Resuspended the DNA in 35  µl of â€Å"TE Buffer†. Source: Epicentre Biotechnologies 3.  Ã‚  Result: DNA is extracted by a DNA histological processing using PCR and DNA extraction techniques. These are techniques used to extract, amplify and copy small segments of DNA. It is fast and inexpensive because significant amounts of a sample of DNA are necessary for molecular and genetic analyses (Mendizabal et al., 2008). 3.1. DNA Extraction: DNA was extracted by using DNA extraction protocol written in the method section. In the DNA extraction different solutions were used for example Proteinase K enzyme is used to digest protein and to remove protein contamination from DNA and to get to the pure DNA (Ebeling, et al., 1974). Also different machines incubators, vortex and centrifuge were used to break down cell walls. Following the DNA extraction PCR is used to amplify the DNA to find HPV genome. 3.2. PCR: Using the PCR to amplify a segment of DNA firstly the sample is heated so that the DNA denatures or divides into two pieces of single-stranded DNA. After that an enzyme called Taq polymerase synthesizes builds two new strands of DNA, using the original strands as templates. This process causes the duplication of the original DNA. Each of the molecules now carries one old and one new strand of DNA. After that each of these strands can be utilized to form two new copies, and the process continues in this manner. More than one billion exact copies of the original DNA segment is achieved by repeating the cycle of denaturing and synthesizing new DNA 35 or 40 times. This whole process of PCR is automated and can be done in just a few hours. A thermocycler machine directs this process and is programmed to change the temperature of the reaction every few minutes to cause DNA denaturing and synthesis. Source: Bruce Foukes lab Accessed date: 20/01/11. There are many different types of PCR for example conventional PCR assays using consensus primers and highly sensitive Real-Time PCR (Hedau, et al., 2011). Following are the result of the DNA extracted using a machine called nanoviewer.   Many concentration of the DNA extracted are within the good range which is 1.8 – 2.0. This indicates that the samples have not been contaminated with protein. The following table 10 shows the result of the DNA extracted: Breast Tissue sample number Concentration ng/ul Results 33 101.5 ng/ul A260/280 = 1.990 8 47.5 ng/ul A260/280 = 1.939 77 33 ng/ul A260/280 = 1.886 54 15.9 ng/ul A260/280 = 1.904 76 105.5 ng/ul A260/280 = 1.835 25 93.0 ng/ul A260/280 =   1.958 12 29.5 ng/ul A260/280 = 1.735 13 26.0 ng/ul A260/280 =   1.877 7 143.0 ng/ul A260/280 =   2.014 4.  Health and Safety: The health and safety procedures were followed according to the requirement of the laboratory for this project and a copy of COSSH assessment was given to the laboratory technical staff and to the project supervisor 5.   Ã‚  Ethical Issues: Approval of UK’S ethical committee regarding the usage of the breast tissue samples has already been granted to the project supervisor and hence there is no need of further ethical approval for this project. 6.  Ã‚  Literature search: To understand the scope of the HPV and breast cancer very well 15 abstracts have been submitted at the beginning to the project supervisor that were conducted by many journals and research papers. 7.  Ã‚  Statistical analysis: This project is a laboratory based and therefore does not require any statistical analysis to be carried out. 8.  Ã‚  Treatment: Breast cancer is treated with surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and drugs. There are many drugs that are used to either treat or reduce the risk of breast cancer and following are some example of these drugs: 8.1. Drugs: Table11 below shows the list of drugs used for breast cancer treatment   Herceptin (chemical name: Trastuzumab ) Tamofen (chemical name: Tamoxifen) Arimidex (chemical name: anastrozole) Aromasin (chemical name: exemestane) Avastin (chemical name: bevacizumab) Carboplatin (brand name: Paraplatin) Cytoxan (chemical name: cyclophosphamide) Daunorubicin (brand names: Cerubidine, DaunoXome) Doxil (chemical name: doxorubicin) Ellence (chemical name: epirubicin) Thiotepa (brand name: Thioplex) Trelstar (chemical name: triptorelin) Tykerb (chemical name: lapatinib) Vincristine (brand names: Oncovin, Vincasar PES, Vincrex) Xeloda (chemical name: capecitabine) Some of the drugs that are used are explained below. Tamoxifen: is a drug that uses SERMs (selective oestrogen receptor modulator) that attaches to the oestrogen receptors in breast cells and blocks the effects of oestrogen (Lacroix, et al., 2010). Uses: to treat men and both pre-menopausal and post-menopausal women, typically is used to: shrink large, hormone-receptor-positive breast cancers before surgery reduce breast cancer risk in undiagnosed women at higher-than-average risk of developing breast cancer However Tamoxifen is very cost effective (Noah-Vanhoucke, et al., 2011) Side effects: irregular menstrual cycles vaginal discharge or bleeding depression endometrial cancer 8.2. Trastuzumab: is a drug that uses HER2 (human epidermal receptor 2) inhibitors that works against HER2-positive breast cancers by blocking the ability of the cancer cells to receive chemical signals that tell the cells to grow. Uses: treat metastatic, HER2-positive breast cancer (Barok, et al., 2011) shrink large, advanced-stage, HER2-positive cancers before surgery Side effects: diarrhea anemia abdominal pain 9.  Cancer prevention: 9.1. HPV Vaccines and Cervical Cancer: Cervical cancer and sexual behaviour of population are directly proportional to each other, recent study shows that in the U.K HPV prevalence and possession increased consistently with increasing numbers of lifetime sexual partners, regular partners, and new partners in the last 5 years (Almonte, 2011). The two prophylactic vaccines Cervarix and Gardasil consist of virus-like particles (VLPS), these are recombinant viral capsids made by expressing HPV 16 and 18 L1 proteins in insect cells through the baculovirous (cervarix) or HPV 6, 11, 16 and 18 L1 proteins in yeast cells (Gardasil) (Kahn 2005; Wang 2007; Kirnbauer et al., 1993). The virus-like particles (VLPS) contains no viral DNA and therefore would not in any case cause an infection or cervical cancer in recipients (Wang, 2007). Cervarix: GlaxoSmithKline (GSK) produces cervarix vaccine; it is a bivalent containing HPV 16 and 18 L1 virus-like particle vaccines that works against HPV 16 and 18 infections and cervical cancer (Bayas et al. 2008; Govan 2008). A phase II study illustrated that Cervarix was 91.6% efficacious against occasional infections and 100% effective against persistent infection (Harper et al. 2004). Cervarix is made up of an ASO4 adjuvant which contains aluminium hydroxide and 3-O-deacylated monophosporyl lipid (MPL), ASO4 helps improve the immune system (Bayas et al., 2008). Gardasil: Gardasil is developed by Merck and Co; it is a quadrivalent vaccine containing HPV 6, 11, 16 and 18 virus-like particles (Adams, et al., 2007; FDA, 2006). A phase II efficacy study of Gardasil results demonstrated that the vaccine has 90% efficacy in preventing incident HPV infection and cervaical cancer (Viller, et al., 2005). In June 2006 Gardasil was licensed by the FDA for use in young and adult females between the ages of 9 to 26 for the prevention of cervical cancer, genital warts and precancerous lesions (FDA, 2006), it was also approved in September 2008 for the prevention of vaginal and vulvar cancers caused by HPV 16 and 18 (FDA, 2008). Both of the above vaccines are given in a series of three 0.5ml immunisations over a time period of six months prior to a young person becomes sexually active (Long III, et al., 2007; WHO, 2007). Figure 24 shows how the HPV DNA is detected in cervical cancer. The above figure adopted from: Global Link (2008) Date accessed 07/04/11 9.2. Breast Cancer Vaccine: Vaccine has been developed firstly against cervical cancer and now the scientists are trying to develop a vaccine against breast cancer, however   scientists are trying to develop a vaccine which could be useful against all the different strains of HPV such as 16, 18, 33 worldwide (Armstrong, 2010). Prognosis: Table 14 shows the five year survival rates for colorectal and breast cancer. (Howlader, et al., 2011). There is only 23% survival rate for distant spread in breast cancer this shows that there is a need for more research to develop a vaccine against different strains of breast cancers and to treat these cancers affectively and avoid so many deaths. 10.  Discussion: Breast cancer is a malignant tumour that starts from cells of the breast. Cancer occurs due to mutations in the genes responsible for controlling the growth of cells thus cells are unable to function properly (Sariego, 2010). Human papillomavirus (HPV) is considered as an aetiological agent for many cancers such as cervical cancer, breast cancer etc. High risk HPV types causes cancer by integrating into the host genome and causes disruption and loss of some of the viral genes such as L1 and L2 genes and also increases the expression of the early genes (Wang, 2007; Mera, 1997). The aim of the research was to find out the association of HPV with breast cancer involving DNA extracted from archived breast tissue samples using DNA extraction method. This DNA sample could be amplified using PCR to find HPV genome specifically targeting E1 gene. This is conjunction with other studies in which samples were amplified using consensus primers CpI CpIIG and targeted the E1 gene in a region conserved for 99% of most common HPV subtypes (Mendizabal, et al., 2008). Given that the tissue samples were not fresh but were paraffin embedded which are not as good as fresh tissue samples because formalin fixation could denature the tissue during sectioning and also the DNA extracted from FFPE (formalin fixed paraffin embedded) tissues are usually at low concentration and disjointed (Shi, et   al., 2006). Additionally the experiment was carried out very successfully because most of the results that have been obtained were between the ranges of 1.8 to 2.0, which are regarded as pure DNA sample and therefore contains no protein contamination. A positive and negative control should be carried out while amplifying the DNA because a positive control makes sure the technique is working satisfactorily by using a reacting material relatively similar to the test material and negative control tests the specificity of the reaction and ensures there are no false positives (Mendizabal, et al., 2008). Although good results have been achieved however there were some variations in the purity of DNA extracted from the breast tissue samples and that depends on many different factors such as some tissue samples were darker in colour than normal which suggests the samples were not as fresh therefore it gave a lower result than the normal range of 1.8 to 2.0. Additionally the low results also depended on the way the whole experiment was carried out, there had been some mistakes in adding or mixing different solutions and mistakes were constantly recorded in the lab book therefore the same mistakes were not repeated again. Moreover many different techniques have been learnt from this project including the usage of centrifuge, vortex, incubator and nanoviewer. Carrying out this project has provided a full understanding on how to engage in the practical work which is beneficial in future laboratory projects, this is an ongoing work by the supervisors of the project to try and identify the association between the HPV and the breast cancer, if successful then a broader vaccine could be developed against all different strains of HPVs such as HPV16, 18 worldwide and   to cure not only breast cancer but also many different types of cancers such as, cervical cancer, head and neck Squamous cell carcinoma, genital warts etc. This will reduce the amount of vaccination given to each patient and also it will have tremendous effect on the quality of life and will solve many problems and save many lives. Furthermore many studies have been carried out to find out the presence of HPV in breast tissue. Some were successful by getting 86.21% positivity of HPV infection in breast cancer (de Villers et al., 2005) this was in conjunction with other studies that have been successful in obtaining high positive result (Hening, et al., 1999; Gumus, et al., 2006; Kan, et al., 2006, Li, et al., 2002). Additionally according to a largest investigation on breast carcinoma specifically analysing mammoplasty and fibroadenoma specimens as a control group the authors were able to detect HPV DNA in 24.5% of the breast carcinomas but were unable to detect any in benign breast specimens (Damin, et al., 2004). However other authors have either achieved low positivity (Kroupis, et al., 2006; Tsai, et al., 2005) or HPV was totally absent ( Lindel, et   al., 2007; Gopalkrishna, et al., 1996). Therefore there are two different views on the association of HPV with breast cancer as it has been indicated by the above studies, which is normal because scientists can have different opinions sometimes. This project was limited because only the DNA has been extracted and the DNA was not amplified by using PCR, in the future if this project were to be continued PCR can be used to amplify the gene from the DNA extracted in this project and the investigation can be expanded and more information can be obtained. References: Adams, S., Greeder, L., Reich, E., Shao, Y., Fosina, D., Hanson, N., Tassello, J.,   Singh, B.,   Spagnoli, G. C., Demaria, S., Jungbluth, A. A. (2011) Expression of cancer testis antigens in human BRCA-associated breast cancers: potential targets for immunoprevention? Cancer Immunol Immunother   262 (11) 1005-1007. Akil N, Yasmeen A, Kassab A, Ghabreau L, Darnel AD, Al Moustafa AE. (2008) High risk human papillomavirus infections in breast cancer in Syrian women and their association with Id-1 expression; a tissue microarray study. Br J Cancer. 2008, 99(3), 404-7. Almeida, C. A., Barry, S. A. 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Barok, M., Tanner, M., Kà ¶ninki, K., Isola, J. (2011) Trastuzumab-DM1 is highly effective in preclinical models of HER2-positive gastric cancer. Cancer Letters. 9.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Bayas, J.M., Costas, L., Muà ±oz, A. (2008) Cervical cancer vaccination indications, efficacy, and side effects. Gynecologic Oncology, 110 (3), S11-S14. 10. Breast Cancer (2010). Breast cancer tests, Screening, Diagnosis and Monitoring. [online] Available at breastcancer.org/symptoms/testing/types/ [Accessed 02 April 2011]. 11. Breast Cancer (2008). Types of Breast cancer. [online] Available at breastcancer.org/symptoms/types/ [Accessed 20 Jan 2011]. 12. Breast Cancer (2008). What are the signs of Breast cancer? [online] (Updated 26 Nov 2008) Available at breastcancer.org/questions/bc_signs.jsp [Accessed 2 April 2011]. 13. Brown, D. R., Shew, M. L., Qadari, B., Neptune, N., Vargas, M., Tu, W., Juliar, B.E., Breen, T.E., Fortenberry, J.D. (2005) A longitudinal study of genital human papillomavirus infection in a cohort of closely followed adolescent women. The Journal of infectious Disease, 191 (2), 182-192 14. Bruce Foukes lab, 2011. Schematic of the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). [online] (Updated 6th of March 2011) Available at http://serc.carleton.edu/microbelife/research_methods/genomics/pcr.html   [Accessed 20 Jan 2011]. 15. Cancer Research UK (2008) Breast cancer risk factors by age. [online] Available at http://info.cancerresearchuk.org/cancerstats/types/breast/riskfactors/ [Accessed 20 Jan 2011]. 16. Cancer Research UK (2008) Breast cancer U.K mortality statistics. [online] Available at http://info.cancerresearchuk.org/cancerstats/types/breast/mortality/#age   [Accessed 20 Jan 2011]. 17. Cancer Research UK (2008) Breast cancer U.K, EU incidence statistics. [online] Available at http://info.cancerresearchuk.org/cancerstats/types/breast/incidence/ [Accessed 20 Jan 2011]. 18.   Ã‚  Damin, A. P.S.,   Karam, R., Zettler, C. G., Caleffi, M., Alexandre, C.O.P. (2004)  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Evidence for an association of human papillomavirus and breast carcinomas. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment, 84 (2), 131-137. 19. Dayal, S., Murray, J., Wilson, K., Lannigan, A. ( 2011) Imprint cytology from core biopsies increases the sensitivity of fine needle aspiration (FNA) in breast cancer patients. Magy Seb, 64 (2), 59-62. 20. Deapen, D. Liu, L. Perkins, C., Bernstein, L., Ross, R.K., (2002)   Rapidly rising breast cancer incidence rates among Asian-American women.  Intl J Cancer, 99, 747-797. 21. De Villiers, E.M., Sandstrom, R.E., zur Hausen, H., Buck, C.E. (2005) Presence of papillomavirus sequences in condylomatous lesions of the mamillae and in invasive carcinoma of the breast. Breast Cancer Res, 7-11 22. DIXON, J.M. (2005) ABC of Breast Disease Ed. 3rd, BMJ books, Blackwell Publishing. 23. EBELING, W., HENNRICH, N., KLOCKOW, M., METZ, H., ORTH, H. D., LANG, H., Forschung, E., Darmstadt, M. (1974) Proteinase K from Tritirachium album Limber. Eur. J. Biochem, 47(1) 91-97. 24. Epicenter Biotechnologies. MasterPure complete DNA and RNA kit cat. Nos. MC85200 and MC89010. [online] Available at   epibio.com/pdftechlit/110pl0910.pdf [Accessed on 28 Jan 2011]. 25.   Eurocytology. Association of human papillomavirus in cervical cancer. [online] Available at eurocytology.eu/static/eurocytology/eng/cervical/LP1ContentMcontA1.html [Accessed on 19 March 2011]. 26. Global link (2008) Importance of HPV discovery. [online] Available at http://blogs.globalink.org/uicc/templates/uicc/images/cervical/hpv.jpg [Accessed 07 April 2011]. 27. Gopalkrishna V, Singh UR, Sodhani P, Sharma JK, Hedau ST, Mandal AK, Das BC (1996) Absence of human papillomavirus DNA in breast cancer as revealed by polymerase chain reaction. Breast Cancer Res Treat 39:197–202 28. Govan, V.A., Rybicki, E.P., Williamson, A-L. (2008) Therapeutic immunisation of rabbits with cottontail rabbit papillomavirus (CRPV) virus-like particles (VLP) induces regression of established papillomas. Virology Journal, 5:45. 29. Gumus, M., Yumuk, P.F., Salepci, T., Aliustaoglu, M., Dane, F., Ekenel, M., Basaran, G., Kaya, H., Barisik, N., Turhal, N.S. (2006) HPV DNA frequency and subset analysis in human breast cancer patients’ normal and tumoral tissue samples. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 25, 515–521. 30. Health base, 2008. Most common cancers in American women and men.[online] (Updated 22 Sept 2008) Available at   http://blog.healthbase.com/2008_09_01_archive.html [Accessed 11 April 2011]. Hedau, S., Kumar, U., Hussain, S., Shukla, S., Pande, S., Jain, N., Tyagi, A., Deshpande, T., Bhat, D., Mir, M. M., Chakraborty, S., Singh, Y. M., Kumar, R., Somasundaram, K., Bharti, A. C., Das, B. C. (2011) Breast cancer and human. 32. Hennig, E.M., Suo, Z., Thoresen, S., Holm, R., Kvinnsland, S., Nesland, J.M. (1999) Human papillomavirus 16 in breast cancer of women treated for high grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN III).   Breast Cancer Res Treat, 53 121–135. 33. Howlader, N., Noone, A.M., Krapcho, M., Neyman, N., Aminou, R., Waldron, W., Altekruse, S.F., Kosary, C.L., Ruhl, J., Tatalovich, Z., Cho, H., Mariotto, A., Eisner, M.P., Lewis, D.R., Chen, H.S., Feuer, E.J., Cronin, K.A., Edwards, B.K. (2011). SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2008. National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD. 34. Kahn, J. A. (2005) Vaccination as a prevention strategy for human papillomavirus related diseases. Journal of Adolescent Health, 37 (6), S10-S16. 35. Kan, C.Y., Iacopetta, B.J., Lawson, J.S., Whitaker, N.J. (2005) Identification of human papillomavirus DNA gene sequences in human breast cancer. Br J Cancer, 93, 946– 948 36. Kirnbauer, R., Booy, F., Cheng, N., Lowy, D.R., Schiller, J.T. Papillomavirus L1 major capsid protein self-assembles into virus-like particles that are highly immunogenic. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 89 (24), 12180-12184. 37. Kroupis, C., Markou, A., Vourlidis, N., Dionyssiou-Asteriou, A., Lianidou, E.S. (2006) Presence of high-risk human papillomavirus sequences in breast cancer tissues and association with histopathological characteristics. Clinical Biochem 39, 727–731. 38. Lacroix, A. Z., Powles, T.,   Osborne, C. K., Wolter, K., Thompson, J. R.,   Thompson, D. D., Allred, D. C., Armstrong, R., Cummings, S. R., Eastell, R.,   Ensrud, K. E., Goss, P.,   Lee, A., Neven, P., Reid, D. M., Curto, M.,   Vukicevic, M. (2010)   Breast Cancer Incidence in the Randomized PEARL Trial of Lasofoxifene in Postmenopausal Osteoporotic Women. National Cancer Institute, 305 (13), 1305-1314. Lancet, (2001) Familial breast cancer: collaborative reanalysis of individual data from 52 epidemiological studies including 58,209 women with breast cancer and 101,986 without the disease. 358 (9291), 1389-99. 40. Liang, W., Tian, H. (2008). Hypothetic association between human papillomavirus infection and breast carcinoma. Med Hypothesis. 70(2), 305-7. 41. Lindel, K., Forster, A., Altermatt, H.J., Greiner, R., Gruber, G. (2007) Breast cancer and human papillomavirus (HPV) infection: no evidence of a viral etiology in a group of Swiss women. Breast (Edinburgh, Scotland) 16, 172–177. 42. Li, T., Lu, Z.M., Guo, M., Wu, Q.J., Chen, K.N., Xing, H.P., Mei, Q., Ke, Y. (2002) p53 codon 72 polymorphism (C/G) and the risk of human papillomavirus-associated carcinomas in China. Cancer 95, 2571–2576. 43. Long III, H. J., Laack, N.N.I., Gostout, B.S. (2007) Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cervical cancer. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 82 (12), 1566-1574. 44. Matsuzaki, M., Nomizu, T., Katagata, N., Sakuma, T., Momma, T., Tachibana, K., Andoh, J., Watanabe, F., Yamaguchi, Y., Nihei, M. (2010) A case of primary malignant lymphoma of the breast with an unusual ultrasound image. Fukushima J Med Sci, 56 (2), 145-150. 45. 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Speech Analysis of Richard Nixons First Inaugural Address Essays

Speech Analysis of Richard Nixons First Inaugural Address Essays Speech Analysis of Richard Nixons First Inaugural Address Paper Speech Analysis of Richard Nixons First Inaugural Address Paper Speech Analysis of Richard Nixon’s First Inaugural Address 1: The communication was a speech delivered at the White House for Nixon’s presidential inauguration. 2: January 20th, 1969. 3: Richard Nixon, President of the United States 4: The audience was the American people and other nations that had a relationship with the United States. 5: â€Å"The greatest honor history can bestow is the title of peacemaker. This honor now beckons Americathe chance to help lead the world at last out of the valley of turmoil, and onto that high ground of peace that man has dreamed of since the dawn of civilization. If we succeed, generations to come will say of us now living that we mastered our moment, that we helped make the world safe for mankind. This is our summons to greatness. I believe the American people are ready to answer this call. † Nixon’s inaugural speech highlighted ending the Vietnam war and closing the Cold War in order to make the world a more secure place. This speech opened Nixon’s presidency as well as opened his foreign policy and goals for his administration. : The importance of this speech is that it shows what Nixon’s ideals were for the nation, that he focused on lofty goals that were clearly influenced by Cold War era thinking and the Vietnam war. The speech also portrays Nixon’s skills as a politician and someone who was aware of the nation’s concerns and knew how to settle those concerns. It also followed the tradition of inaugural speeches of promising a lot of things and being inspiring and hopeful. : It was written to ope n Nixon’s presidency, and to set the tone for his tenure as well as the direction the United States would take in regards to foreign relations. 8: A lot of the United States’ concerns were involved in Vietnam and ending the unpopular war. And it was a popular belief that government was playing too big of a role in people’s lives, which he addresses when he points out that government has spent more money and run more programs than ever before. He says that to improve the country every individual needs to be involved instead of just government bureaucracies. 9: In the entire speech Nixon hints that ending the Vietnam war would bring peace to the world and that national morale would improve, but how could ending one war in one country improve foreign relations so substantially? Did he really think that ending the war in Vietnam would make the world noticeably more peaceful, or did he mean just the United States and Vietnam?

Funny Female Monologue From How to Kiss a Girl

Funny Female Monologue From 'How to Kiss a Girl' The following monologue is from a one-act comedy How to Kiss a Girl by Wade Bradford. This one-act play is  a silly, sketch-styled play about a young man named Ken who desperately wants to know how to behave on a date, and even more desperately wants to figure out how and when he should make his move and kiss a girl for the very first time. Monologue Background In order to learn, he enlists the help of his highly advanced smartphone, Minerva. The Minerva device downloads tons of audio instructional information, crafted from centuries of information. not all of the advice, however, is useful to todays typical teen. Unfortunately, Ken is too clueless to realize, and he ends up downloading relationship advice from the 1950s, pre-Civil War America, and even Pilgrims and Pirates. Belle is one of the Audio Advice characters, and while Kens date is wolfing down her spaghetti and slurping ice tea like its going out of style, the refined Southern Belle teaches Ken how to read subtle signs from a proper lady. Much of this monologue involves the old fashioned art of fan language, so the actress performing the art should have an elegant fan to flutter during her scene. The Monologue BELLE: When you arrive at her doorstep, be prepared for a grand entrance. Stand courteously at the doorway, breathlessly awaiting her presence. Drink her in. You are mesmerized. Walk in a half circle around her, never breaking your gaze. And still breathless. Place your left hand behind your back, lift your hat with your right hand, and bow. (Pause.) And now you may breathe. Make certain that you have already prepared a charming compliment, do so in advance to avoid being tongue-tied. Tell her she looks as plump and pretty as a sweet Georgia peach. As radiant and glorious as the days before the civil war. That she makes your heart fire faster than a Gatling Gun. Begin your romantic adventure by extending your elbow so that the lady might take your arm. As you escort her to the carriage, be mindful of any mud puddles that may happen to be in your path. Instead of walking around the watery obstacle, remove your jacket, drape it to the ground, and insist that this lovely plump peach wal k upon the jacket as not to soil her pretty shoes. That is chivalry. As you ride together in the carriage, you might be wondering as to what is going through the mind of this delicate young flower. You may be tempted to talk of idle things, such as the weather, but I find it best if a gentleman sticks to the subject at hand, which is mainly the beauty of the young lady in his midst. This time, select a specific physical feature to complement. Preferably, something above her neckline. I suggest you compliment her eyes, lips, chin, and even perhaps her earlobes if you are feeling particularly bold this evening. Avoid making comments about a womans nose. Even kind words will make her self conscious. But you will notice, as the carriage ride continues, the lady speaks very little, yet she says much. (Produces a fan.) To discover the secrets of her feminine mind, simply observe the subtle signals she gives you with the movements of her fan. If the lady holds the fan with her left hand and places it in front of her face, then she is desir ous of your acquaintance. However, if she twirls her fan in her right hand, like so, then she wants to speak with you in private. Dropping the fan curtly means she simply wants to be friends, but if she presents her fan to you, shut closed thusly, she is asking: Do you love me? Now, this one is most important, so I hope you are paying attention. If the lovely lady presses a half-opened fan to her lips, that means, young man, that she wants to kiss you. Now, watch her closely: What message is she trying to convey to you? Note: This monologue could obviously be performed by one person. However, it could be further developed with a total of three performers. One actress delivering the monologue, while two other performers act out the scene being described.

Social Media Addiction Amongst University Students Research Paper

Social Media Addiction Amongst University Students - Research Paper Example Hence, the research question for this study is, â€Å"Which gender and age group is more addicted to social media and why?† Review of Literature Dryer (2010) reported that by March of 2010, there were 200 million blogs worldwide, 450 million Facebook accounts, 27 million tweets every 24 hours from Twitter and 1.2 billion views on You Tube every day. As of 2012, it was reported that almost 75% of teens and young adults are members of at least one social networking site (Thompson & Lougheed, 2012), and with Facebook users, 250 million log into the site daily (Facebook, 2011). Such astounding statistics show explosive social media has grown over a short period of time and is expected to relentlessly grow more in the future. Dryer (2010) notes: Social media, i.e., blogs, wikis, social networking sites like Facebook and LinkedIn, multimedia sharing sites like YouTube and Flickr, and social tagging sites like Digg and Yelp, represents a revolutionary shift in the way we communicate. Social media has democratized information and empowered ordinary citizens with the ability to organize, share information, and be heard like never before in our history. Social media is word of mouth on steroids and is beginning to morph from a fun and easy way to stay socially connected with friends into a dynamic and interactive way of doing business (p. 16). Berinstein (2011) contends that the obsession with social media is linked to people’s desperate need to feel good. She concludes that â€Å"social media has offered us a new way to anesthetize a deep-rooted feeling of lack: the more likes we get, the better we feel† (Bernstein, 2011, para. 1). What is addictive is actually the... This essay stresses that going back to the research question, â€Å"Which gender and age group is more addicted to social media and why?†, this research echoes results of past studies that women and younger university students in the age group of 17-21 years are more prone to social media addiction due to the more prolonged time they spend online. Young ladies derive much satisfaction and a boost in their self-esteem when friends like or comment on their posts, especially their photos. They also invest more emotions on their responses to friends’ posts, and are more emotionally distraught when they get disconnected from social media. The roller coaster of emotions they get from such social media sites make it more addictive to them as they continuously search for â€Å"highs† beyond the â€Å"lows† in emotions. In terms of age, younger people have a stronger need to establish human connections with their peers, so they use social media as an avenue to esta blish and nurture these relationships. This paper makes a conclusion that addiction to social media is more common than people think, and surprisingly, more acceptable by society. Living in the age of information and technology is bound to develop such addiction since being socially and intellectually stimulated is a natural preference of people. What needs to be developed to a greater degree is the awareness and self-control necessary in balancing time and effort to enjoy social media as well as live more fulfilled lives in the â€Å"real world† with one’s family and friends.

No topic Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 7

No topic - Essay Example Princes saw a chance to secure authority at the expense of the Catholic Holy Roman emperor. The Catholic Church was unable to restore unity though much of the emperor remained under its power. Furthermore, there were protestant and catholic quarrels which led to a series of religious wars during 16thC and 17thC. When regarding politics, the Thirty Years War (1618-1648) pitted Swedish and German Protestants against the holy Roman emperor and Spain. For a full century German authority and prosperity did not recover. Rulers and cities were permitted by the peace settlement to choose their official religion. It also provided the protestant Netherlands independence from Spain (Hunt et al., 529). During the 17thC, religion was a significant issue in English civil strife, most Protestants gained toleration apart from Catholics. The European power balance and political structure was affected by the wars. France gained authority; England and Netherlands developed global trade while Spain lost supremacy. Some rulers benefited from the fall of papal power even though protestant theory encouraged parliamentary authority in some states. In general, popular attitudes changed as people became less probable to recognize a link between god and nature. Religion and day-to-day life were viewed as separate (Hunt et al., 576). Greater stress to family life; love among spouses was encouraged as religious changed. Nevertheless, when covenants were abolished by Protestants women had lesser alternatives if unmarried. Lastly, literacy spread more

Potential Liability on Cross-site Scripting Essay

Potential Liability on Cross-site Scripting - Essay Example These high level management personalities of diverse disciplines, howsoever trustworthy, cannot digress from their own responsibilities to justifiably oversee such crucial and important functional branch as online security. The insurance industry has solid customer base and vast financial inputs. Online security must be exclusively handled by security experts just like operations, program development and network operations are handled by experts in these fields. Otherwise the industry could become an easy target of ceaseless and relentless attacks of malevolent hackers spread all over the globe. The managers of the three disciplines meet only twice annually as the security management committee to co-ordinate security developments and plans. This step-motherly treatment to security could prove to be counterproductive and expensive in the long run. Other potential liabilities the company needs to address are risks arising from high volume of online interactions and transactions with clients. When clients forget their username and/or password, they are required to answer a challenge question to retrieve the information by email. If anyone can forget username and/or password there is no guarantee they are likely to remember challenge questions and answers. Ideally, the company must provide clients with passwords. (Case Information) Recommendation on the immediate handling of the XSS threat to LIB The first and foremost action recommended is employ full time security consultant and fix responsibilities inclusive of the XSS threat to LIB. The immediate next step is to make clients aware of the XSS risk and educate them on the course of action they need to bear in mind and act upon whenever browsing LIB website. The operations manager, program development manager and network operations manager must continue to maintain vigilance in security matters and report unusual occurrences to the security department/consultant. These three management entities must coordinate with security on daily or at least on weekly basis. (The Cross Site Scripting (XSS) FAQ) Recommendations on improvement in the management of security at LIB Having a separate entity to handle online security issues at LIB is the ideal decision and the first step to address risks to the overall business. The company can further improve its online security concerns by maintaining high alert on offline areas as well. A systematic reward scheme must be put in place for those providing information and alerts on unusual online movements. The company must also have its own discreet methods to test its security system by using tactics such as sting operations periodically in top secrecy. The company must also keep itself abreast on hackers' modus operandi and the susceptibilities and vulnerabilities of the online insurance industry. As a standard measure, every company using online business systems and network will ostensibly possess security technologies applicable to its sphere of operation and guard the interests of its clients and its own by routing online communications by encrypting, scrambling and decoding

CVA Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CVA - Coursework Example Changes to documents in version: report of blurred vision, depth insight (Duncan et.al, 1983). Through evaluation of the higher functions such as: Speech if the patient is alert; Position with head slightly elevated and in the neutral position; Sustaining of the bed rest; by providing quiet and calm environment; also restricting visitors and their activities. Intervention of cluster nursing and providing rest period activities in between care activities as well as limiting the duration of the procedure. Inhibit strain at stool, holding breath, administering supplemental oxygen as specified (Burney et.al, 1996). The following reasons may affect the patients readiness or ability to learn: Assessing if the patient is encountering some problems in accepting their conditions. The patient may feel overwhelmed, angry, or depressed (Duncan et.al, 1983). An appropriate referral for a patient with cerebrovascular accident may entail several things. A patient may be referred to a ‘syncope’ clinic over a six-month period where he will be prospectively studied. Initial assessment may integrate ambulatory electrocardiography, carotid sinus massage prior to and following atropine and prolonged head-up tilt (Burney et.al, 1996). The coping skills that a nurse should use in assisting the patient that challenges a younger person consider include: Theoretical basis; Coping area assessed and, Psychometric properties of coping procedures used in studies assessing patients with stroke (Duncan et.al, 1983). Burney, T. L., Senapti, M., Desai, S., Choudhary, S. T., & Badlani, G. H. (1996). Acute cerebrovascular accident and lower urinary tract dysfunction: a prospective correlation of the site of brain injury with urodynamic findings. The Journal of urology, 156(5),

Situational Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Situational Leadership - Essay Example Leadership, management, power and authority are all closely related terms and sometimes are difficult to separate and understand individually. A leader is someone who exercises influence over others. In a group, it is the performances of those acts which help the group achieve its preferred outcomes. (Cartwright & Zander, 1968)A view holds that leaders are people oriented and their main task is to inspire people. Their primary functional output is a change (Veal, 2004) and their capabilities are assessed in terms of controlling the process of this change. That is to mould and control change to suit project's objectives. Bryman (1986) offers somewhat similar views when he opines that leadership is," the creation of a vision about a desired future state which seeks to enmesh all members of an organisation in its net".Whereas managers are task and process oriented and their main task is to organize such tasks and processes. Management's main output is task done in target time at target cost. In plain language Management is assigned the task of producing and maintaining a degree of predictability & order (Veal, 2004). Leadership on the other hand assumes the function of producing change under a constantly updated schemata of direction and vision. Leadership is the process of motivating others to work to meet specific goals and objectives. Leadership is deliberately causing people-driven actions in a planned fashion for the purpose of accomplishing the leader's agenda. Qualities of a Good Leader Subsequent to identification of role of leadership in project management it is clear that leadership physically comprises of an individual or set of individuals acting on common concert and vision. A set of qualities are generally stated in support of good leadership. Such qualities helps in execution of the agenda of leadership as defined above. These qualities are stated below corresponding to their importance in an information system project: (a) A project leader must have the capability to nurture and develop a vision and a concrete sense of direction in which to lead the team on. He must make the entire team convinced of his stance of an inspired shared vision. At least he should be able to convey his vision to critical members of the project team. "Visionary leaders enable people to feel they have a real stake in the project. They empower people to experience the vision on their own (Barry, Top). Bennis explains about the leaders that "They offer people opportunities to create their own vision, to explore what the vision will mean to their jobs and lives, and to envision their future as part of the vision for the organization," (Bennis, 1997). (b) A project leader is expected to have high level of problem solving skills (Barry, Top). He may share problem-solving responsibilities with the team .As Kouzes says that a leader must have a "fresh, creative response to here-and-now opportunities," and not much concern with how others have performed them. (Kouzes, 1987).Thus he would be capable of giving new solutions to complicated problems and lead in dead

CVA Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CVA - Coursework Example Changes to documents in version: report of blurred vision, depth insight (Duncan et.al, 1983). Through evaluation of the higher functions such as: Speech if the patient is alert; Position with head slightly elevated and in the neutral position; Sustaining of the bed rest; by providing quiet and calm environment; also restricting visitors and their activities. Intervention of cluster nursing and providing rest period activities in between care activities as well as limiting the duration of the procedure. Inhibit strain at stool, holding breath, administering supplemental oxygen as specified (Burney et.al, 1996). The following reasons may affect the patients readiness or ability to learn: Assessing if the patient is encountering some problems in accepting their conditions. The patient may feel overwhelmed, angry, or depressed (Duncan et.al, 1983). An appropriate referral for a patient with cerebrovascular accident may entail several things. A patient may be referred to a ‘syncope’ clinic over a six-month period where he will be prospectively studied. Initial assessment may integrate ambulatory electrocardiography, carotid sinus massage prior to and following atropine and prolonged head-up tilt (Burney et.al, 1996). The coping skills that a nurse should use in assisting the patient that challenges a younger person consider include: Theoretical basis; Coping area assessed and, Psychometric properties of coping procedures used in studies assessing patients with stroke (Duncan et.al, 1983). Burney, T. L., Senapti, M., Desai, S., Choudhary, S. T., & Badlani, G. H. (1996). Acute cerebrovascular accident and lower urinary tract dysfunction: a prospective correlation of the site of brain injury with urodynamic findings. The Journal of urology, 156(5),

Communication and Conflict Chapter 6 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Communication and Conflict Chapter 6 - Essay Example Second principle is that each discrete emotion serves different functions; they help us organize perception, cognitions, and actions in order to pursue attempts to cope and create. In this regard, different emotions assist us in accomplishing different tasks in resolving conflicts. Third principle is that significant personal situations are those that trigger organized patterns of emotions. In short, emotions happen in an organized manner, with one emotion regulating other emotions. Emotions interact with each other in coherent ways; this is how persons can address their conflicts, even though conflicts are highly complex and may be confusing. Emotions create an orderly response to conflicts. Fourth principle is that people develop emotion-behavior patterns as children, and build on them as they grow and mature. For instance, the crying jags of toddlers adjust to more restrained behaviours as one grows older. The fifth principle is that individual personalities are built upon blocks of emotion-behaviour patterns, and lastly, emotions trigger difficult behaviour in response to certain triggers. One misconception about emotion is that it is a hindrance to resolving conflicts. For many people, emotions are thought to be irrational, uncontrollable, and will tend to escalate they remain unexpressed. The tendency therefore is for people (who believe that emotions are a hindrance) to ignore their emotions; emotions are seen as a negative thing, a sign of weakness, and should not be expressed at work. Emotional people are thought to be out of control, so it is important to try to justify feelings logically so that they could be put in control. Many times, the expression of emotions are thought to be a burden to the listeners, so our modern rational culture tells us not to express emotions, or to avoid those who do. Moreso even, mature, well-adjusted people are misconceived to be

Persuasive Bullying Essay Example for Free

Persuasive Bullying Essay This article is a practical help for you in your persuasive bullying essay writing. In order to write a good persuasive bullying essay, you have to become determine with the fact what the bullying is and how badly it influences the people. The definition of the notion of bullying is as follows: bullying is an open aggression towards a person or towards a group of people by the other person or a group of people. There are so many kinds of bullying, however, we are going to deal with the bullying, which is taking place in the colleges and other higher educational establishments because of this problem is too sharp in this very field nowadays. In order to write a professional persuasive bullying essay you have to write it from the prism of psychology. That is why be ready to investigate and analyze a lot while your persuasive bullying essay writing. A Topic Addressing a Common Occurrence Bullying Essays Need Novel and Fresh Perspectives Have you ever been bullied? Have you ever bullied someone? Sometimes what we think as simple teasing may amount to bullying in the eyes and the minds of someone with a sensitive mind. Therefore, this is a common occurrence which has repercussions which most of us may not foresee. Writing a bullying essay, can contain the feelings you had when either being bullied or bullying someone. On the other hand, it could be about the repercussions as mental trauma undergone by the victims. There are many ways in which to write this essay. However, firstly, we need to understand what bullying is. Defining Bullying Bullying is behaviour where one individual who is usually physically bigger act obnoxiously, annoying and physically and mentally disturbing another individual. Most often bullying comes from people who are either lacking in social skills or some form of personal affliction or a complex. Bullying is most common in young children. There are many instances where a small made child is often bullied by bigger and aggressive children. But we also see adults resorting to bullying younger children or more timid individuals. Write a Bullying Essay Which Address this Social Bane The Dire Repercussions of Bullying can be addressed in a Bullying Essay Bullying is something which can occur in many places. Bullying will begin mainly in schools, beginning at the age of ten or twelve. However, it is something which many people do regardless of age as well. This extends the habit to colleges, work place and even home. Writing a bullying essay will educate you and others on the repercussions of bullying. Your essay on bullying can be handled in various ways. If you wish, you will be able to concentrate on the repercussions of being bullied, especially once itâ„ ¢s carried too far, how to stop bullying, and the reasons for bullying. Make sure that you develop a proper essay layout and plan what part of bullying you will concentrate on in your essay.